Weak hardening to winter
Poor oxygenation of water (root asphyxiation)
Inadequate plant spacing
Fluctuating soil moisture
Injury
Humidity
Light
pH
Rainfall
Seedling depth
Low air/soil temperature
Boron (B) deficiency and calcium (Ca) toxicity
Boron (B) or calcium (Ca) deficiency
Early frost and bright light
Sunscald and wind
Low pH (acid) and excess salts (high salinity)
High electrical conductivity and water injury
Compacted soil and water stress (excess or deficit)
Poor oxygenation
Environmental stress